The massive shift to virtual modalities and functions has changed the context of leadership and organizational structures, and thus how leadership is exercised.To date, the fi elds of e-leadership and Collections e-management, or more generally, virtual leadership, have been unable to make much progress.This exploratory study uses adaptive structuration theory, an approach recommended Soup Bowls by Avolio (2001 and 2014), to provide a broad framework that is modifi ed for the fi eld.It uses the multi-method, multi-level approach recommended by structuration theory.
Findings regarding three specifi c advanced information technologies (AITs) are discussed, study limitations are provided, and future research opportunities are reviewed.